Publications

1681 publications found

• Working Paper No. 792 March 05, 2014

  From the State Theory of Money to Modern Money Theory

  L. Randall Wray
  Abstract

  This paper explores the intellectual history of the state, or chartalist, approach to money, from the early developers (Georg Friedrich Knapp and A. Mitchell Innes) through Joseph Schumpeter, John Maynard Keynes, and Abba Lerner, and on to modern exponents Hyman Minsky, Charles Goodhart, and Geoffrey Ingham. This literature became the foundation for Modern Money Theory […]

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• Working Paper No. 791 March 05, 2014

  Central Bank Independence

  L. Randall Wray
  Abstract

  It is commonplace to speak of central bank “independence” as if it were both a reality and a necessity. While the Federal Reserve is subject to the “dual mandate,” it has substantial discretion in its interpretation of the vague call for high employment and low inflation. Most important, the Fed’s independence is supposed to insulate it […]

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• Working Paper No. 790 March 05, 2014

  Changes in Global Trade Patterns and Women’s Employment in Manufacturing

  Emel Memiş, Burca Kizilirmak, Şirin Saraçoğlu, and Ebru Voyvoda
  Abstract

  The purpose of this study is to explore the employment effects of changes in manufacturing output resulting from shifting trade patterns over the period 1995–2006. For 30 countries (21 OECD and 9 non-OECD countries) we estimate the changes in embodied labor content due to trade using factor-content analysis, breaking up the sources of these changes […]

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• Working Paper No. 789 March 03, 2014

  Full Employment

  Pavlina R. Tcherneva
  Abstract

  It is common knowledge that John Maynard Keynes advocated bold government action to deal with recessions and unemployment. What is not commonly known is that modern “Keynesian policies” bear little, if any, resemblance to the policy measures Keynes himself believed would guarantee true full employment over the long run. This paper corrects this misconception and […]

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• Working Paper No. 789 March 03, 2014

  Πλήρης Απασχόληση

  Pavlina R. Tcherneva
  Abstract

  Είναι κοινώς γνωστό ότι ο John Maynard Keynes υπήρξε ο βασικός υποστηρικτής του κρατικού παρεμβατισμού για την αντιμετώπιση της ύφεσης και της ανεργίας. Αυτό που δεν είναι ευρέως γνωστό είναι ότι οι σύγχρονες «κεϋνσιανές πολιτικές» δεν έχουν τίποτα το κοινό με τα μέτρα πολιτικής που ο ίδιος ο Keynes θεωρούσε απαραίτητα για την επίτευξη της […]

  Download Επιστημονική Εργασία υπό Εξέλιξη (Working Paper) No. 789 PDF (338.17 KB)
• Working Paper No. 788 March 03, 2014

  Modern Money Theory and Interrelations between the Treasury and the Central Bank

  Abstract

  One of the main contributions of Modern Money Theory (MMT) has been to explain why monetarily sovereign governments have a very flexible policy space that is unconstrained by hard financial limits. Not only can they issue their own currency to pay public debt denominated in their own currency, but they can also easily bypass any […]

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• One-Pager No. 46 February 12, 2014

  Time and Consumption Poverty in Turkey

  Ajit Zacharias, Thomas Masterson, and Emel Memiş
  Abstract

  The Levy Institute Measure of Time and Consumption Poverty (LIMTCP) is a two-dimensional measure that takes into account both the necessary consumption expenditures and the household production time needed to achieve a minimum standard of living—factors often ignored in official poverty measures. In the case of Turkey, application of the LIMTCP reveals an additional 7.6 […]

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• One-Pager No. 46 February 12, 2014

  Φτώχεια χρόνου και κατανάλωσης στην Τουρκία

  Ajit Zacharias, Thomas Masterson, and Emel Memiş
  Abstract

  Το Μέτρο Φτώχειας Χρόνου και Κατανάλωσης του Levy Institute (LIMTCP) είναι ένα δισδιάστατο μέτρο που λαμβάνει υπόψη τόσο τις απαραίτητες καταναλωτικές δαπάνες όσο και το χρόνο που απαιτείται από τα νοικοκυριά για την επίτευξη ενός ελάχιστου επιπέδου διαβίωσης, παράγοντες που συχνά αγνοούνται από την επίσημη μέτρηση της φτώχιας. Στην περίπτωση της Τουρκίας, η εφαρμογή του […]

  Download Μονοσέλιδο No. 46 PDF (225.34 KB)
• Policy Notes No. 2 February 01, 2014

  Wright Patman’s Proposal to Fund Government Debt at Zero Interest Rates

  Jan Kregel
  Abstract

  In 1943, Congress faced unpredictably large war expenditures exceeding the prevailing debt limit. Congressional debates from that time contain an insightful discussion of how the increased expenditures could be financed, dealing with practical and theoretical issues that seem to be missing from current debates. In the ’43 debate, Representative Wright Patman proposed that the Treasury […]

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• Policy Notes No. 2 February 01, 2014

  Η πρόταση του Wright Patman για χρηματοδότηση του δημόσιου χρέους με μηδενικό επιτόκιο

  Jan Kregel
  Abstract

  Το 1943, το αμερικανικό Κογκρέσο βρέθηκε αντιμέτωπο με απρόβλεπτα μεγάλες πολεμικές δαπάνες, που ξεπερνούσαν το όριο του χρέους. Οι διάλογοι της περιόδου εκείνης που έλαβαν χώρα στο Κογκρέσο περιλαμβάνουν μια οξυδερκή συζήτηση για το πώς θα μπορούσαν να χρηματοδοτηθούν οι αυξημένες δαπάνες, με αναφορά σε πρακτικά και θεωρητικά ζητήματα που απουσιάζουν από τις σημερινές συζητήσεις. […]

• Policy Notes No. 1 January 30, 2014

  The Social Enterprise Model for a Job Guarantee in the United States

  Pavlina R. Tcherneva
  Abstract

  The job guarantee is a proposal that provides greater macroeconomic stability and secures a fundamental human right. Despite the economic and moral merits of this policy, often the program is rejected because of concerns about its administration. How would the program be implemented? Who will create the jobs? Can work be found for every unemployed […]

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• Policy Notes No. 1 January 30, 2014

  Το υπόδειγμα της κοινωνικής επιχείρησης για εγγυημένη απασχόληση στις Ηνωμένες Πολιτείες

  Pavlina R. Tcherneva
  Abstract

  Η πρόταση για εγγυημένη απασχόληση συμβάλλει στη μακροοικονομική σταθερότητα και εξασφαλίζει ένα θεμελιώδες ανθρώπινο δικαίωμα. Ωστόσο, παρά τα οικονομικά και ηθικά πλεονεκτήματα αυτής της πολιτικής, το πρόγραμμα πολύ συχνά απορρίπτεται λόγω ανησυχιών σχετικά με τη διαχείρισή του. Πώς θα εφαρμοστεί το πρόγραμμα; Ποιος θα δημιουργήσει τις θέσεις εργασίας; Μπορεί να λειτουργήσει για κάθε άνεργο που […]

  Download Σημείωμα Πολιτικής 2014/1 PDF (675.90 KB)
• Working Paper No. 787 January 28, 2014

  Unions and Economic Performance in Developing Countries

  Fernando Rios-Avila
  Abstract

  This paper analyzes the economic impact of unions on productivity in the manufacturing sector across six Latin American countries: Argentina, Bolivia, Chile, Mexico, Panama, and Uruguay. Using an augmented Cobb-Douglas production function, the paper finds that unions have positive, but mostly small, effects on productivity, with the exception of Argentina, with a large negative effect, […]

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• Working Paper No. 786 January 21, 2014

  The Rational Expectations Hypothesis

  Alfonso Palacio-Vera, and Iván H. Ayala
  Abstract

  The rational expectations hypothesis (REH) is the standard approach to expectations formation in macroeconomics. We discuss its compatibility with two strands of Karl Popper´s philosophy: his theory of knowledge and learning, and his “rationality principle” (RP). First, we show that the REH is utterly incompatible with the former. Second, we argue that the REH can […]

  Download Working Paper No. 786 PDF (541.03 KB)
• Working Paper No. 785 January 21, 2014

  Integrating Time in Public Policy

  Lekha S. Chakraborty
  Abstract

  Incorporating time in public policymaking is an elusive area of research. Despite the fact that gender budgeting is emerging as a significant tool to analyze the socioeconomic impacts of fiscal policies and thus identify their impacts on gender equity, the integration of time-use statistics in this process remains incomplete, or is even entirely absent, in […]

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• Public Policy Brief No. 130 January 21, 2014

  Τι απομένει από τη θεωρία της διαχείρισης της ζήτησης σε έναν παγκοσμιοποιημένο κόσμο;

  Amit Bhaduri
  Abstract

  Στην εποχή της παγκόσμιας χρηματιστικής, η θεωρία της διαχείρισης της συνολικής ζήτησης κρατιέται ζωντανή, αλλά η χρησιμότητά της δεν είναι η ίδια, λέει ο Amit Bhaduri. Στο παρόν κείμενο δημόσιας πολιτικής, ο Bhaduri περιγράφει αυτό που θεωρεί ως την επικρατούσα σύγχρονη προσέγγιση στη διαχείριση της ζήτησης. Αποκομμένη από τις κεϋνσιανές της ρίζες, αυτή η «χυδαία» […]

  Download Κείμενο (Brief) Δημόσιας Πολιτικής Νο. 130 PDF (418.89 KB)
• Public Policy Brief No. 130 January 21, 2014

  What Remains of the Theory of Demand Management in a Globalizing World?

  Amit Bhaduri
  Abstract

  In our era of global finance, the theory of aggregate demand management is alive and unwell, says Amit Bhaduri. In this policy brief, Bhaduri describes what he regards as a prevalent contemporary approach to demand management. Detached from its Keynesian roots, this “vulgar” version of demand management theory is being used to justify policies that […]

  Download Public Policy Brief No. 130, 2014 PDF (173.20 KB)
• Working Paper No. 784 January 16, 2014

  Financial Crisis Resolution and Federal Reserve Governance

  Bernard Shull
  Abstract

  The Federal Reserve has been criticized for not forestalling the financial crisis of 2007–09, and for its unconventional monetary policies that have followed. Its critics have raised questions as to whom, if anyone, reins in the Federal Reserve if and when its policies are misguided or abusive. This paper traces the principal changes in governance […]

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• One-Pager No. 45 January 13, 2014

  Έλλειμμα χρόνου και κρυφή φτώχεια στην Κορέα

  Ajit Zacharias, Thomas Masterson, and Kijong Kim
  Abstract

  Τα επίσημα ποσοστά φτώχειας στην Κορέα και σε άλλες χώρες αγνοούν το γεγονός ότι η άμισθη παραγωγή των νοικοκυριών συμβάλλει στην εκπλήρωση των υλικών αναγκών και των επιθυμιών που είναι απαραίτητες για την επίτευξη ενός ελάχιστου επιπέδου διαβίωσης. Με το να θεωρούνται δεδομένες οι δουλειές του νοικοκυριού, οι επίσημες εκτιμήσεις παρέχουν ανακριβή μέτρηση του εύρους […]

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• One-Pager No. 45 January 13, 2014

  Time Deficits and Hidden Poverty in Korea

  Ajit Zacharias, Thomas Masterson, and Kijong Kim
  Abstract

  Official poverty lines in Korea and other countries ignore the fact that unpaid household production contributes to the fulfillment of material needs and wants that are essential to attaining a minimum standard of living. By taking household work for granted, these official estimates provide an inaccurate accounting of the breadth and depth of poverty—and can […]

  Download One Pager No. 45 PDF (70.83 KB)
• Working Paper No. 783 January 10, 2014

  Options for China in a Dollar Standard World

  L. Randall Wray, and Xinhua Liu
  Abstract

  This paper examines the fiscal and monetary policy options available to China as a sovereign currency-issuing nation operating in a dollar standard world. We first summarize a number of issues facing China, including the possibility of slower growth, global imbalances, and a number of domestic imbalances. We then analyze current monetary and fiscal policy formation […]

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• One-Pager No. 44 December 19, 2013

  Επιλογές οικονομικής πολιτικής για την Κίνα

  L. Randall Wray
  Abstract

  Με την εφαρμογή της πολιτικής του ανοίγματος της οικονομίας, πριν από περίπου 35 χρόνια, η Κίνα απολαμβάνει υψηλά επίπεδα οικονομικής ανάπτυξης και άνοδο του βιοτικού επιπέδου για μεγάλο μέρος του πληθυσμού της. Ωστόσο, κάποιοι αναλυτές υποστηρίζουν ότι η Κίνα ενδέχεται να μην εξελιχθεί σε χώρα υψηλού εισοδήματος, υποτιμώντας με αυτόν τον τρόπο την ικανότητα της […]

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• One-Pager No. 44 December 19, 2013

  Policy Options for China

  L. Randall Wray
  Abstract

  Since adopting a policy of gradually opening its economy more than three decades ago, China has enjoyed rapid economic growth and rising living standards for much of its population. While some argue that China might fall into the middle-income “trap,” they are underestimating the country’s ability to continue to grow at a rapid pace. It […]

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• Book Series December 17, 2013

  Gender Perspectives and Gender Impacts of the Global Economic Crisis

  Rania Antonopoulos
  Abstract

  With the full effects of the Great Recession still unfolding, this collection of essays analyzes the gendered economic impacts of the crisis. The volume, from an international set of contributors, argues that gender-differentiated economic roles and responsibilities within households and markets can potentially influence the ways in which men and women are affected in times […]